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Practical notes about software engineering, security, systems, and the decisions behind production-ready digital products.
July 27, 2026
What changes when we use a Connectionless Protocol such as UDP instead of TCP? This part explains how UDP sends datagrams without establishing a connection, how the OS determines the source address and routes each packet independently, and how a UDP server receives messages from potentially thousands of different clients using a single Socket.
Read articleJuly 24, 2026
We have seen how a client obtains a Socket, connects to a server, and sends data. Now we look at the process from the other side: the Server. This part explains bind(), listen(), and accept(), and how the OS turns one listening Socket into a dedicated Socket for every connected client.
Read articleJuly 22, 2026
We know that for an application to communicate over a network, it first needs to obtain a Socket. But what actually happens after that? This part walks through Socket creation, how the OS represents a Socket inside the kernel, how a client uses connect(), how the OS determines the local IP and port, and how the Socket becomes associated with a real network destination.
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July 18, 2026
Networking becomes much easier to understand when you look beyond the OSI Model and protocols and ask the more important question: who actually implements them? The answer is the Operating System. Sockets are the real communication endpoints that connect your application code to the network and allow it to send and receive data.
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